Final Stuff

Congratulations for making in through the entire semester and learning all you have. It's quite the accomplishment. The format of the final will be the same as the midterm -- you'll bring your own laptop/device on which to take it. The final is comprised of 66 slide questions including 1 extra credit question, 3 we-finds including one extra credit question, and 15 u-finds. There are a couple other opportunities for extra credit on the final your TAs will tell you about, so MAKE SURE YOU DO THEM.

Lots of people ask how we would suggest studying for the final:
1) Study by the organ rather than by systems (the way we taught it). For example, go to a duodenum slide or google a duodenum slide and name everything you can on there (Simple columnar epithelium with striated border, goblet cells (unicellular exocrine glands, secrete mucin proteoglycans), paneth cells (also unicellular exocrine glands, secrete antimicrobial enzymes), Brunner's Glands (CMBT and secrete bicarbonate), inner circular and outer longitudinal muscularis externa layers, made up of smooth muscle regularly arranged, Meisner's and Aurebach's plexus that regulate peristalsis...)
2) Look at as many slides as you can. For everything you're studying, google "pancreas histology" or whatever organ it may be. Practice finding landmarks in each organ so you can figure out where you are.
3) Layers are common questions, as you already know. Go over all the layers we've learned and make sure you can regurgitate those (retina, cornea, endochondral bone formation, developing tooth, etc...)

Here are some questions you can ask yourself in your studies:

What do neural crest cells turn into?

Where can you find ependymal cells?

Where can you find DCCTIRA?

Where can you find DECTIRA?

Where can you find skeletal muscle irregularly arranged?

Where can you find smooth muscle irregularly arranged?

What’s the anatomical name for the lining of all the blood vessles?

From what primary structure were the muscles of the GI tract derived?

Where can you find tonofibrils?

Where can you find a unipolar neuron?
Where are the two structures named after Purkinje?

Where can you find stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Do you know all the layers (skin, retina, cerebrum, cerebellum, developing tooth, endochondral bond formation…)?

Can you name all the derivatives of the 3 primary germ layers?
Can you name all the structures on the developing chick and what they develop into?

Do you know all the white blood cell information?

Do you know where all the hormones come from and how they interact with each other? 

And here also are some practice u-find questions from my review:

-Find and name a structure that does not have histology/epithelium

-Find and anatomically name a modified simple squamous cell

-Find and anatomically name a structure with simple cuboidal epithelium that is derived from the intermediate mesoderm

-Find and name the embryonic structure that is a precursor to cells that secrete testosterone

-Find and anatomically name a structure with simple cuboidal cells in the organ that secretes bile

-Find and name the cells that secrete a hormone that opposes the effects of PTH

-Find and anatomically name a CMA gland associated with unipolar neurons

-Find and histologically name the contractile tissue associated with Von Ebner’s Glands

-Find and name a structure associated with smooth muscle that regulates its peristalsis

-Find and name a cell that secretes LH, and name an organ LH acts upon

-Find and anatomically name a structure with DECTIRA

-Find and name a cell acted on by LH in the male reproductive tract

-Find and histologically name the cells that secrete dentin

-Find and anatomically name a structure that is histologically classified as “DCCTRA with elastic fibers”

-Find and histologically name cells, not within the GI tract, whose secretion increases the PH of the digestive tract

-Find and name the embryonic germ layer that is a precursor to cells that secrete cortisol

-Find and name the cells that secrete a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

-Find and histologically name a gland that secretes sweat

-Find and name the muscle layers associated with stereociliated pseudostratified epithelium

-Find and name the embryonic structure from which the muscularis externa layers of the duodenum originate

-Find and a cell that lives 1-4 days in tissue

-Find and anatomically name the region where immature T and B cells are housed

-Find and name a layer we learned about wherein chondrocytes are hypertrophying 

Keep in mind that basically everything in your lab book is fair game for the final (**See a list at the bottom of this blog for things that are guaranteed not to be on the final**).



Here are some organs that look similar, to help you differentiate them:

Bronchus

Trachea

Trachea vs. Bronchus                                            
- remember that the trachea will have c-shaped cartilage rings while the bronchus will have cartilage that looks 'broken' - it will only have small pieces.

- also, the trachea has large subtracheal glands that are sandwiched between the cartilage and epithelium, but the bronchus does not.

- both have ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Epidermis

Esophagus

Vagina

Epidermis vs. Esophagus vs. Vagina
- all three of these have stratified squamous epithelium, so telling them apart can be tricky
- the epidermis is the only one of the three that will have it's darkest layer in the middle. Notice how in both the vagina and the esophagus, the darkest layer is the deepest layer. The stratum granulosum is the darkest layer of the epidermis and is located right in the middle of all the layers (remember 'can loud girls sing bass'!).
- the esophagus is unique because it is the only one of the three that has glands in the submucosa beneath the epithelium. If we ever show you the esophagus we will include the subesophageal glands with the epithelium.
- the vagina has two unique features: it is the only one of the three with glands in the epithelium itself, and it is the only one with cells that store large amounts of glycogen. Note the lighter staining and slight bulging of the more superficial cells - this is due to abundant glycogen storage.

Urethra

Ureter

Ureter vs. Urethra

- these two are extremely similar: they both have transitional epithelium and both perform almost the same function. The only difference is the shape of the lumen.
- the ureter has a Greek cross-shaped lumen; usually much smaller and less branched
- the urethra is larger and therefore has a larger lumen that tends to have more branches



Won't be on the final at all: 
-Ligament
-Arterioles 
-Venules
-Any of the pars in the pituitary gland
-G-cells
-Neck cells
-Larynx
-Seminal Vesicle
-Bladder

Won't be u-finds on the final: 
-Larger or terminal bronchioles
-Cornea
-Vaginal glands
-Penis things (corpus spongiosum/cavernosa)
-Demilumes
-Reticular fibers
-Fibrocartilage
-Reticulocytes
-Eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
-Megakaryocytes
-Lymphatic vessels
-Intrafusal fibers
-Sarcomeres or any component of them
-Layers of cerebrum (know them, but won't have to differentiate them on u-find)
-Herring bodies
-Sertoli cells